References

Each chapter lists the works it cites at the bottom of its own page; the complete bibliography lives in references.bib in the book repository. Selected entries appear below. The main background references are Imbens and Rubin (2015) and Hernán and Robins (2020).

Adão, Rodrigo, Michal Kolesár, and Eduardo Morales. 2019. “Shift-Share Designs: Theory and Inference.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134 (4): 1949–2010.

Angrist, Joshua D., and Jörn-Steffen Pischke. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton University Press.

Autor, David H., David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson. 2013. “The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States.” American Economic Review 103 (6): 2121–68.

Bartik, Timothy J. 1991. Who Benefits from State and Local Economic Development Policies? W.E. Upjohn Institute.

Blandhol, Christine, John Bonney, Magne Mogstad, and Alexander Torgovitsky. 2025. “When Is TSLS Actually LATE?”

Borusyak, Kirill, Peter Hull, and Xavier Jaravel. 2022. “Quasi-Experimental Shift-Share Research Designs.” Review of Economic Studies 89 (1): 181–213.

Botosaru, Irene, and Laura Liu. 2025. “Time-Varying Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in Event Studies.” arXiv Preprint arXiv:2509.13698. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13698.

———. 2026. “Event Studies with Feedback.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 116: 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20261110.

Chernozhukov, Victor, Mert Demirer, Esther Duflo, and Iván Fernández-Val. 2018. “Generic Machine Learning Inference on Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in Randomized Experiments.” NBER Working Paper 24678.

Díaz, Iván, Nima S. Hejazi, Kara E. Rudolph, and Mark J. van der Laan. 2021. “Nonparametric Efficient Causal Mediation with Intermediate Confounders.” Biometrika 108 (3): 627–41.

Dı́az, Iván, Nicholas Williams, Katherine L. Hoffman, and Edward J. Schenck. 2023. “Nonparametric Causal Effects Based on Longitudinal Modified Treatment Policies.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 118 (542): 846–57.

Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul, Isaac Sorkin, and Henry Swift. 2020. “Bartik Instruments: What, When, Why, and How.” American Economic Review 110 (8): 2586–2624.

Hernán, Miguel A. 2010. “The Hazards of Hazard Ratios.” Epidemiology 21 (1): 13–15.

Hernán, Miguel A., and James M. Robins. 2020. Causal Inference: What If. Chapman & Hall/CRC.

Imbens, Guido W., and Donald B. Rubin. 2015. Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.

Kennedy, Edward H. 2020. “Towards Optimal Doubly Robust Estimation of Heterogeneous Causal Effects.” arXiv Preprint arXiv:2004.14497.

Kennedy, Edward H., Zongming Ma, Matthew D. McHugh, and Dylan S. Small. 2017. “Non-Parametric Methods for Doubly Robust Estimation of Continuous Treatment Effects.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 79 (4): 1229–45.

Künzel, Sören R., Jasjeet S. Sekhon, Peter J. Bickel, and Bin Yu. 2019. “Metalearners for Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Using Machine Learning.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (10): 4156–65.

Mullahy, John. 1997. “Instrumental-Variable Estimation of Count Data Models: Applications to Models of Cigarette Smoking Behavior.” Review of Economics and Statistics 79 (4): 586–93.

Nie, Xinkun, and Stefan Wager. 2021. “Quasi-Oracle Estimation of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.” Biometrika 108 (2): 299–319.

Ramsey, J. B. 1969. “Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least-Squares Regression Analysis.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 31 (2): 350–71.

Słoczyński, Tymon. 2022. “Interpreting OLS Estimands When Treatment Effects Are Heterogeneous: Smaller Groups Get Larger Weights.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 104 (3): 501–9.

———. 2024. “When Should We (Not) Interpret Linear IV Estimands as LATE?” Quantitative Economics.

Vansteelandt, Stijn, and Rhian M. Daniel. 2017. “Interventional Effects for Mediation Analysis with Multiple Mediators.” Epidemiology 28 (2): 258–65.

Xu, Ruonan. 2023. “Difference-in-Differences with Interference.” arXiv Preprint arXiv:2306.12003. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.12003.

———. 2026. “Dynamic Difference-in-Differences with Interference.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 116: 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20261108.

Zhang, Jiji. 2008. “On the Completeness of Orientation Rules for Causal Discovery in the Presence of Latent Confounders and Selection Bias.” Artificial Intelligence 172 (16–17): 1873–96.